Practical Recommendations on the Organization of Pedagogical Monitoring in Institutions of Vocational Education OPEN ACCESS

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to adapt vocational training to the needs of a modern economy. The purpose of the paper is to develop practical guidance on the pedagogical monitoring in vocational education institutions. The leading approach to the study is the process- information approach, which allows considering monitoring as a specially organized continuous process of search and comprehensive analysis of indicators in order to promptly diagnose and forecast the state of the educational system, taking into account the goals. The study involves 500 teachers, 500 students who have defined the criteria for effective implementation of the regional component of vocational education. The main results of the study are to identify the objects and the main directions of pedagogical monitoring in vocational education institutions. The significance of the results obtained is that the revealed pedagogical monitoring facilities allow to track the results of vocational training on the planned, implemented and achieved stages, provide teachers, heads of vocational training institutions with objective and timely information necessary for making decisions on managing and making adjustments to the trust, organizational, informational, regulatory parameters of the organization of vocational training. Elucidated pedagogical monitoring trends cause systemic-structural integrity and content-methodical continuity at all stages of vocational education


Introduction
The relevance of the study is reasoned by the need to adapt vocational training to the needs of a modern economy. A characteristic feature of the modern world development is the transition of the leading countries to build an economy based mainly on the generation, distribution and use of knowledge. The most important factor in improving the economic performance of society is the human potential, especially its creative, research competences Drovnikov et al., 2016). In this regard, the training of creative professionals is emphasized. Substantial changes in the system of vocational education and its adaptation to the needs of a modern economy are required. Currently, there are various forms of social partnership in the system of vocational education, the integration of vocational education institutions is enhanced and public-social forms of control are introduced Erdyneeva et al., 2016). In these conditions a special significance is belonged particularly to the quality of management activities, without increasing of which it is impossible to solve theoretical and practical tasks of the vocational education system. One of the effective ways to achieve the objectives is monitoring, allowing analyzing, diagnosing, adjusting and predicting the trends of development of vocational education system at the national, regional, municipal and local levels (Burkova, 2006). Currently, there is no unity in the approach to building monitoring vocational training. It has been established that the concept "monitoring" is transformed from a more general ("the checking and recording of students' knowledge", "monitoring of students' achievements"), the quantitative ("assessment of knowledge and skills"), to the more hard ("control and accounting of knowledge and skills" "measuring the level of achievement by students of the educational standard") (Polonsky, 2000;Kuprina, 1999;Majorov, 2005). Analysis of the frequency in the use of certain concepts allows monitoring to identify common characteristics: process, system, watching, analysis, forecasting, and diagnostics of the state of the object or process, examination. The subject of monitoring is a pedagogical system that unites students, teachers, objectives, content, forms, methods and means of education. The main objectives of pedagogical monitoring is an assessment of the knowledge, abilities and skills, competencies (in the broader sense -academic achievements) and their correlation with a given level of standard (standard) or statistical norms (Podlasiy, 2003). Comprehensive information provided by the pedagogical monitoring, enhances the level of interaction between the different actors of the educational process, and creates the conditions for self-esteem and self-identity, self-education and self-development for these participants (Niyazova, 2008). Monitoring of institutions of vocational education is a specially organized continuous process of teams' search and a comprehensive analysis of indicators in order promptly to diagnose and forecast the state of the educational system in accordance with the intended impacts, objectives, development of correctional and preventive actions of management. The aim of the paper is to develop practical guidance on the pedagogical monitoring in vocational education institutions.

Research methodology
The leading approach to the study is the process-information approach, which allows considering monitoring as a specially organized continuous process of search and comprehensive analysis of indicators in order to diagnose and forecast promptly the state of the educational system, taking into account the goals. The monitoring covers all structures of vocational education institutions, including individual monitoring of students, and performs management, evaluation (qualimetric), supervisory-control and information function. On the basis of these functions, professional education process can be built accordingly, taking into account all relevant information received in the course of monitoring. Thus, monitoring is a complex phenomenon that is interdisciplinary in nature. Monitoring can be considered as informational, diagnostic, prognostic process carried out in the framework of the management activities. The dictionary of V.M. Polonsky (2000) defines monitoring as a long-term monitoring of the state of training and education and the management of these processes by timely informing the participants about the possible occurrence of adverse, critical or harmful situations.
Based on a process-informational approach, we have defined the principles of research: 1) the principle of consistency -monitoring, consistent with the aims and nature of the processes studied on the basis of one-time, periodic, regular or random observations of the object, the subjects of the educational system and their relationships (Lunev, Pugacheva & Stukolova, 2014a); 2) scientific principle -relying on analysis of strict scientific data, which are amenable to empirical testing and identification, and can be confirmed or refuted by other researchers (Lunev, Pugachova, Stukolova, 2014b); 3) the principle of objectivity, including the selection of data that objectively exist and do not contradict each other (the same results received by different groups of observers in assessing the level of specialists' readiness for professional activity) (Terentyeva et al., 2016b); 4) the principle of integrity, including checking of indicators, complex characteristics of which gives a complete picture of the object as a whole, and not just about its individual parts (Pugacheva et al., 2016c); 5) the principle of efficiency, requiring information for management decision-making in the required time, and not at the moment when the changes cannot be adjusted (Akhmetov et al., 2016); 6) The principle of adequacy, involving selection of the measurement procedures, which are adequate to monitoring goals and objectives, as well as the opportunities and ethical standards . During the research the following methods were used: theoretical (analysis, synthesis, generalization and systematization); sociological (observation, interviews, questionnaires).

Results
The main results of this study are: 1) objects of pedagogical monitoring; 2) basic trends of pedagogical monitoring in vocational training institutions; 3) monitoring of the implementation of the regional component of vocational education.

Objects of pedagogical monitoring
It is found that the objects of pedagogical monitoring in the institutions of vocational education can be: the characteristic of the institution, the qualitative composition of applicants, the quality of specialists' training, demand for graduates in the regional market of labor, qualification of teaching staff, the content of vocational education, protection and strengthening of students' health, information-methodical and material -technical support.
Characteristics of vocational education institutions includes: rating in the system of regional institutions of vocational education; rating in the national system of institutions of vocational education of similar profile; contingent and the quality of education of applicants (by specialties); contingent, and the number of undergraduates and their distribution by specialties, forms of education; students' movement (elimination and migration).
The qualitative composition of applicants is characterized by an analysis of the results of education; sociological survey aimed at identifying the students' motivation to obtain professional education; social and material status of the enrolled applicants (the number of enrolled applicants from low-income, single-parent families, applicants -orphans and the disabled).
The quality of specialists' training involves analysis: of the results of current progress, control testing during the interim and final certification; State exam results; results of protection of final qualifying works; the results of a sociological survey on the quality of graduates' training; the quality of the examination results of graduates' training; the results of teachers' sociological survey on the quality of graduates' training.
The demand for graduates in the regional labor market is related to the analysis of: graduates' employment outcomes for three, six months and one year after graduation; graduates' appeals to the employment service; reviews of employers about the quality of graduates' training.
Qualifications of teaching staff takes into consideration the following factors: the number of teachers with a degree; work experience in an educational institution; age structure of teachers.
The content of vocational training should be reflected in the curricula, educational programs on specialties.
Questions on protection and strengthening of students' health include: taking into account of students' medical examination; the number of days missed by students due to illness; the number of students who study on individual forms of learning; attendance by students of sports clubs in the institution and outside it.
Information and methodical support is characterized by the following indicators: the availability of the students' textbooks, taking into account of the number of students visiting the library; to what extent encyclopedic, educational, methodical literature and periodicals are used by the students; level of students' provision with computers; publishing activity in the educational institution. Material and technical support involves equipping of classrooms and laboratories, libraries, sports facilities (gyms, swimming pools, a center of health care and physical therapy); providing students with a dormitory, food, medical care, state, nominal and social grants.
Effective organization of monitoring on the level of vocational education institution is associated with the definition of goals and objectives, selection of best monitoring tools. Improving the efficiency of vocational training on the basis of monitoring is a process of phased tracking of key learning outcomes in the planned, implemented and achieved stages.
Monitoring at the planning stage involves an assessment of curricula on the specialties, program-methodical maintenance and educational content. Monitoring at the implementation level allows comprehensively assessing the level of students' readiness to vocational activity. Monitoring at the achievement stage makes it possible to compare the goals planned and implemented, to make appropriate corrective changes in the organization of vocational training.

Basic trends of pedagogical monitoring in vocational education institutions
It is found that the pedagogical monitoring will be effective tool in quality management of vocational training in case of providing focus on the analysis of the organization of the educational process, students' development conditions, continuous professional training of teaching staff for the timely management of decision-making (Yepaneshnikov et al., 2016). The main pedagogical monitoring trends in vocational training institutions are defined, which are presented in Table 1. The result socio -economic planning of staff training in the regional conditions to identify future needs of the region in specialists; to predict the introduction of new promising specialties; to predict the role and functions of educational institution in providing of educational services to the population; to identify future needs for retraining and staff's continuous professional development of the regions.
creating tools to study future needs of the region in staff and educational services. personal-oriented model of education to identify and characterize the individual trajectories of students' training; to determine their goals, objectives, functions; to create the variable educational curricula and programs in relation to different trajectories of students' training; to develop a system of monitoring the quality of training. forms and methods of vocational education to identify traditional and innovative forms and methods of vocational education, to find out their similarities and differences. practical recommendations for the implementation of traditional and innovative forms and methods of vocational education. the content and organization of independent work of students to summarize the experience of organization of students' independent work; to identify the ratio of classroom and independent work of students; to develop mechanisms of organization of students' independent work practical recommendations for teachers on the organization of independent work of students. Practical advice for students on independent work. organization and content of industrial training (vocational practice).
to determine an effective balance between theoretical and practical training of students at different stages of vocational education; to define the objectives, content of industrial (vocational practice) training; to identify the effectiveness of various types of industrial (professional practices) training. practical recommendations for organization of industrial (professional practices) training. monitoring the quality of vocational education of students at to substantiate the indicators of the quality of vocational education of students at different stages; to determine the types and forms of monitoring the quality of vocational education in different stages; to practical recommendations on organization of monitoring the quality of vocational education different stages.
develop a system of tasks for diagnosis and correction of quality of students' vocational education.
at different stages.
the management system of the education process.
to justify the principles, functions, criteria and types of management of educational process, the program of teachers' continuous professional education.
the program of management of educational process. The program of teachers' continuous professional education. development of information and technology base to identify the state of information and technology base development of the plan of information and technology base improving the system of planning, organization and management of the training and educational process in vocational institution.
to develop system of selection and support of gifted students; to justify and to build a hierarchy of directions of development of the institution. practical recommendations for the development of the institution. Table 1 shows that the implementation of the main directions of pedagogical monitoring in the institution of vocational training will allow carrying out the systemicstructural integrity and content-methodical continuity at all stages of vocational education; will contribute to the preservation, promotion and continuous professional development of teaching staff, the stability of the teaching staff; increase the efficiency of students' socialization .

Monitoring of the implementation of the regional component of vocational education
Under the regional component of vocational education is understood the pedagogical interpretation of socio-economic and cultural status of the regional community . We have identified the following components in the content of a regional component: 1) methodical -a reflection of a regional component in teaching and curricular documentation; 2) reflexive -the adjustment of the regional component on the basis of analysis and generalization of the results of its experimental testing. The content of a regional component of vocational education defines: 1) the interest of all sectors of economic and socio-cultural complex in highly qualified specialists of the profile, which is necessary not only now, but also will be desired in the future (Terentyeva et al., 2016a); 2) the natural competition of workers to make demands to the real skill which is reflected in the professional knowledge, skills and competences; 3) competition of professional education institutions .; 4) the creation of new specialties, with the help of which young people can gain a strong and worthy future ; 5) effective youth policies aimed at the inclusion of young professionals in the market relations on the basis of education obtained (Zamaletdinov et al., 2016); 6) vocational training methods (Kamasheva et al., 2016). During the survey of 500 teachers, 500 students from vocational education institutions of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan Russia, the efficiency realization criteria of a regional component of vocational education were defined: student satisfaction with the educational process; ensuring the unity and continuity of vocational training and retraining, their continuous professional development; reducing migration of specialists at the expense of retraining and continuous professional training at working place, taking into account the specifics of the region, the social and cultural situation in the region. Organization of monitoring in the implementation of the regional component of vocational education on the basis of identified criteria allowed: 1) ensure the sustainable operation and development of vocational education institutions; 2) to reduce the pressure on the labor market, make more efficient the use of human resources, to ensure uniform requirements for the training of specialists in the region; 3) update the content of vocational education; 4) to ensure employment of graduates.

Discussions
Issues of pedagogical monitoring is devoted a lot of research. The regional aspect of the application of monitoring is particularly fully represented in the works of S. N Pishchulin (1998), M.A. Dombrovskaya (2000. Researchers on the basis of monitoring carry out analysis of the quality of education in regional institutions of vocational education in conditions of a market economy; give an objective assessment of the regional system of vocational training and identify the prospects of its development in the coming years. Several studies have shown the use of monitoring as a means of improving the management system of vocational education at different levels throughout the country, region, or individual institution. These are the works of S.E. Shishov & V.A. Kal'ney (1998), R.T. Farkhutdinov (1998), A.I. Shchetinskaya (1998) D.Sh. Matros, D.M. Polev & N.N. Mel'nikova (1999), A.I. Kuprina (1999), S.V. Shvetsova (2000), N.L. Gunyavina (2000) A.N. Majorov (2005). In the works of these authors: 1) the importance of monitoring is emphasized as a means of quality control of vocational training if there is a possibility to identify possible correction and preventive measures of administrative influence, taking into account the results obtained; 2) it is notes that the creation of a system of educational statistics and monitoring model of the quality of education are two different tasks, each of which has its own specificity; 3) various types of monitoring are scientifically justified, which can be classified on several bases (scope, data collection tools, measuring instruments).
Analysis of the works of these authors shows that among experts there is no consensus about the nature of pedagogical monitoring. The differences lie in the interpretation of goals and objectives, objects, types of pedagogical monitoring. Objectives of pedagogical monitoring are very different. This is a collection, compilation and preliminary analysis of information on the state of education and its main indicators of its use to assess and predict trends in development, make informed management decisions. The objectives of monitoring are: the organization of observations and measurements; obtaining of reliable and objective information about the conditions of conducting, the content and results of the educational process; the development and application of standardized regulations, methods of diagnosis, procedures of their use; systematization and testing of information, conducting of monitoring studies at all levels; development of software and hardware of monitoring, etc.
Monitoring objects are also extremely varied. These are educational institutions, educational authorities, structural elements and components of the educational systems of different levels, the processes of formation and development, educational content, learning objectives, curricula, plans, techniques, tools, and others. The subject of monitoring is the specific changes in the state of the education system in certain periods of time. It is necessary to emphasize the importance of analyzing not only the individual quantitative and qualitative indicators of the educational system, but also the changes resulting from comparisons. Monitoring tools are statistical reporting forms, questionnaires, checklists, various tasks and techniques. Strictly monitoring is a set of procedures for the collection, processing, presentation and dissemination of information, organization and provision of appropriate monitoring procedures.
Classification of types of monitoring is quite diverse. There are regulated statistical monitoring based on the data of statistical reporting, as well as non-statistical monitoring based on independently developed by researchers indicators and private diagnostic methods and procedures of measurement. Statistical or non-statistical monitoring is used depending on management objectives. For the purposes of education is very important to identify the peculiarities of statistical monitoring. Thus the key issue is the justification and selection of specific indicators for diagnosis and monitoring. The requirements for monitoring should be clear and simple, the results obtained should be objective, reliable, easily understood, have immediate relation to the essence of the process. Depending on the breadth and scope of the monitoring facilities there can be Federal, regional, municipal and institutional system of education. Monitoring can be done by different methods depending on the nature of investigated objects, their direct or indirect measurement. Monitoring can be considered in a different plane, depending on its orientation to a specific user (students, parents, employers, and the public). In this case, its purpose may be, for example, the formation of public opinion, characteristics of the education system at the regional level, and the results are intended mainly for managers.
The diversity of opinions of researchers about the nature of pedagogical monitoring makes it difficult for its use in educational practice. It actualized the purpose of our study.

Conclusion and Recommendations
Managing vocational education, increase its efficiency and quality implies a deliberate and systematic monitoring of the activities of vocational education institutions. In this regard, to obtain versatile analytical information pedagogical monitoring is important. Monitoring involves continuous tracking and observation of the object of administrative activity, analysis of its condition by measuring and comparison of actual results with predetermined goals, forecasting changes in the state of the object with the aim of making management decisions aimed at improving the quality of the object. The results of the study allow making the following practical recommendations on the organization of pedagogical monitoring in institutions of vocational education.
First. The fundamental differences of pedagogical monitoring from the traditional methods of measurement of the educational process consists in the fact that its results do not passively register the actual situation, but actively influence on the further development of educational institutions, the creative potential of the teaching staff, increasing of the level of its professional competence.
Second. Objects of pedagogical monitoring are associated with its sources (statistics; sociological research; materials of evaluation and accreditation reports of institutions of vocational education; reports of the chairmen of state attestation commissions on specialties; the results of final state certification of graduates on specialties of vocational education; results of competitions, Olympiads for students; materials of evaluation of the teaching staff; the results of testing of applicants and students of educational institutions).
Third. The main directions of pedagogical monitoring involve such methods as a method of comparative evaluation (comparison with standards of quality of professional education); expertise (internal and external); surveys of students, parents, representatives of enterprises, institutions, organizations associated with the assessment of the quality of specialists' training. Means of evaluating results of the monitoring are: tests to assess the knowledge of students and graduates; and evaluation tools that simulate practical activities of graduates of educational institutions; sociological tools.
Fourth. Monitoring of regional components of vocational education allows making the process structurally complete; promotes the conservation, development and continuous professional training of the teaching staff, and also stimulates innovative activity of teachers in vocational education.
The results of the study allow us to outline the prospects for further research of the problems associated with the diagnosis of the educational space of educational institutions of different types and kinds in the system of vocational education. The paper submissions may be useful for leaders and teachers of vocational education institutions; employees of the centers of continuous professional training and retraining of personnel in the selection and structuring the contents of continuous professional training of the teaching staff from institutions of vocational education.

Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.